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But this is difficult territory. Hitler as buffoon is a joke as old as Charlie Chaplin. But Hitler as human being also makes many uneasy. The plot is far-fetched but the character is human and complex, not the usual portrayal of Hitler as monster or clown.
But by learning this, we don't think that he did anything that made sense. We are used to thinking that he wasn't able to think clearly and have a certain kind of logic. I think that is the surprise in the book is that Hitler has a certain kind of logic. You know what he says. It's him and you have to take a stand. Do you agree with him?
But some critics are troubled by this. They fear Germans might start to feel comfortable about Hitler. The importance of the community in education is, in fact, crucial for the character formation of individuals. That is, the builder-teacher and the community that emerges is something fundamental for understanding the importance, the ethical weight, of being a moral being.
In the absence of a builder-teacher students may remain trapped by the kind of education that merely instructs, that is based on I-It relations rather than I-Thou.
This kind of education is that which Buber called Erziehung i. It does not form character, does not develop into that which Buber referred to as Bildung i. In Erziehung individuals come to know facts and acquire a range of skills, but do not realize their ethical dimension. Therein lies the importance of the builder-teacher and of dialogical relations for education and society. It is the builder-teacher that enables the formation of the community, the Gemeinde, in education, and in so doing affects the character formation of individuals.
However, Buber does not take into full account the wider structural framework that might impact on the formation of a community; that is, without such a framework it becomes almost impossible for the the builder-teacher to succeed in the formation of a community. Freire does take account of this, changing fundamentally the role of the teacher from a builder-teacher into a political-teacher , and it is to this that we now turn.
Paulo Freire , the Brazilian educator and critical pedagogist, is another very important figure in the field of education of the twentieth century. Soon afterwards he started working on a seminal project tackling illiteracy in the small town of Angicos, state of Rio Grande do Norte, in the Northeast Region of Brazil. It is interesting to note that, even at this early stage, he argued about the relationship between politics and education, developing a literacy method through which individuals could learn to read and write and also gain political consciousness.
It was only in that Brazil permitted those who had left to return, and a year later Freire decided, as he often said, to re-learn Brazil. Angra dos Reis; Porto Alegre and states e. Rio Grande do Sul; Alagoas cf. Saul; Silva, He left a very large body of work and his Pedagogy of the Oppressed is perhaps one of the best known of modern educational texts. The builder-teacher is transformed into the political-teacher. In the Pedagogy of the Oppressed , Freire acknowledges Buber influence on his thought in a little-known passage dealing with the nature of cooperation and community building.
We quote, Freire , p. In the dialogical theory of action , Subjects meet in cooperation in order to transform the world. The antidialogical, dominating I transforms the dominated, conquered Thou into a mere it.
He also knows that the Thou which calls forth his own existence in turn constitutes an I which has in his I its Thou. Let us demonstrate this further.
In the Pedagogy of the Oppressed Freire distinguish dialogical education from non-dialogical education, which he calls banking education. He characterizes banking education as:.
Freire banking education as a form of domestication , imposed on the masses by the oppressive elites. This kind of education prepares individuals to fit into the system that subjugates them and not to question their situation.
Freire argues that no educational system or educator is neutral and can either domesticate or liberate people Freire, , p. This implies an intimate relation between power and social relations, suggesting that one can challenge power structures by trying to change the social relations that give rise to them.
Liberation can only happen through what Freire calls conscientisation and praxis. If this is to happen, the individual must become conscious of the problems arising out of his or her own situation, and understanding them within the structural context of society; only then can the individual achieve consciousness of the structural injustices that feed social inequality. This is because if the individual perceives problems solely from the individual perspective, then they might be regarded as mere accidents or part of the natural order of things.
This means that teachers have an important role to play in the conscientisation and liberation of the oppressed; that is, Freire defends the political-teacher 3. Schugurensky , p. The confusion arises because, in the Pedagogy of the Oppressed , Freire , p. Through dialogue, the teacher-of-the-students and the students-of-the-teacher cease to exist and a new term emerges: teacher-student with students-teachers.
The teacher is no longer merely the-one-who-teaches, but one who is himself taught in dialogue with the students, who in turn while being taught also teach. They become responsible for a process in which all grow [ This passage, and similar ones elsewhere in his work 4 , have led some commentators to view Freire as a supporter of non-directive education because of his statement that the teacher-of-the-students and the students-of-the-teacher cease to exist cf.
Schugurensky, ; Leach However, when Freire et al. I have never said that the educator is the same as the pupil. Quite the contrary [ The educator is different from the pupil.
But this difference [ The difference becomes antagonistic when the authority of the educator, different from the freedom of the pupil, is transformed in authoritarianism. This suggests that Freire tries to maintain a middle ground between directive and non-directive pedagogies, which might be considered untenable.
First he argues that teacher and students are co-creators of knowledge and that the differences between them are erased; and then acknowledging that there is a fundamental difference between being a teacher and being a student. Freire attempts the same, but his literary style and poor choice of words lead commentators to misunderstandings Schugurensky, , p.
In addition to this, Freire expands the concept of the builder-teacher so that it encompass a political dimension, not argued primarily by Buber; Freire turns the builder-teacher into the political-teacher. Freire , p. My role is not to be silent. Insofar as Freire argues that education cannot be neutral, it follows that it is as unethical for teachers to hide their positions from their students as it is to impose their ideas on them. The challenge for teachers [ The son of a holocaust survivor of Matthausen Concentration Camp, he was born in a poor neighbourhood of Haifa in the north of Israel.
As a professor at the University of Haifa, he began organizing international workshops on critical pedagogy Oslo, ; Madrid, ; Oxford, ; ; , and developed a strong reputation among philosophers of education. It is worth mentioning Critical Theory and Critical Pedagogy Today: toward a new language in education and Beyond the Modern-Postmodern Struggle in Education: toward counter-education and enduring improvisation , which are his most important texts in English McLaren Critical pedagogy seeks to change the world, to start revolution of reality, and to implement positive utopian visions in the name of a more just and liberal society.
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