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Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60 2 , — Wood, W. Attitude change: Persuasion and social influence. Annual Review of Psychology , — Rajiv Jhangiani and Dr. Skip to content 4. Attitudes, Behavior, and Persuasion. Define the concept of an attitude and explain why it is of such interest to social psychologists.
Review the variables that determine attitude strength. Outline the factors that affect the strength of the attitude-behavior relationship. Research Focus Attitude-Behavior Consistency Another variable that has an important influence on attitude-behavior consistency is the current cognitive accessibility of the underlying affective and cognitive components of the attitude.
The term attitude refers to our relatively enduring evaluation of an attitude object. Our attitudes are inherited and also learned through direct and indirect experiences with the attitude objects. Some attitudes are more likely to be based on beliefs, some are more likely to be based on feelings, and some are more likely to be based on behaviors. Strong attitudes are important in the sense that we hold them with confidence, we do not change them very much, and we use them frequently to guide our actions.
Although there is a general consistency between attitudes and behavior, the relationship is stronger in some situations than in others, for some measurements than for others, and for some people than for others. Describe an example of a behavior that you engaged in that might be explained by the theory of planned behavior. Include each of the components of the theory in your analysis. Consider a time when you acted on your own attitudes and a time when you did not act on your own attitudes.
What factors do you think determined the difference? References Abelson, R. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11 3 , 97—; Cunningham, W. Most women value their ability to combine work, welfare, and family support, and to use welfare while improving their job prospects. But many poor people distrust the government policies and programs that were ostensibly designed to help them. Daniel T. Lichter is professor of sociology and the Robert F. Martha L. Crowley is a doctoral candidate in the sociology department at Ohio State University.
Resource Library. American Attitudes About Poverty and the Poor. Article Details Date May 30, Author Population Reference Bureau. A history of trauma, abuse, or failure in spite of your best efforts may train you to anticipate negative outcomes.
It should be noted that clinical depression can also affect your perspective, making an otherwise optimistic person more inclined to interpret experiences in a negative way. If this scenario applies to your situation, seek the guidance of a qualified health care professional.
Medication is sometimes necessary to correct the chemical imbalances associated with depression. Indications of a Negative Attitude Certain beliefs and patterns of thinking seem to characterize people with negative attitudes. If you see yourself in the following examples, read the section titled Steps to a More Balanced Perspective to begin changing your outlook. If a friend, coworker, or family member shows signs of pessimistic thinking, refer to Tips for Dealing with a Negative Attitude.
Seeing the worst in others - Pessimists have a low opinion of human nature and tend to expect the worst from others. Disparaging remarks are not uncommon. Expecting negative outcomes without cause - A person with a negative attitude will enter new endeavors with low expectations. His skill, experience, and past achievements are inconsequential, he believes, because he anticipates obstacles instead of success.
With his consciousness thus primed for failure, it becomes almost inevitable; he sabotages his own aspirations. Even when circumstances do work in his favor, he quickly dismisses the occurrence. Blame - Having a negative attitude is, in some ways, a defense mechanism. When things go wrong, the pessimist will usually find some factor outside his control to blame. Circumstances, the weather, the economy, and often the actions of others take the rap for his predicaments. Placing blame outside himself frees the pessimist from responsibility for his own state of being.
Steps to a More Balanced Perspective Even if you have been harboring a negative attitude throughout your life, change is possible. Negativity is a habit that is learned; conversely, so is optimism. You can teach yourself to have a more balanced outlook by practicing several steps. Rethink your worldview - A negative attitude is simply one way of perceiving the world.
It is only half the truth, however. For every evil intention and tragic event, there exists a good deed, a selfless act, or a beautiful example of human courage. When you catch yourself focusing on the negatives, force yourself to look for evidence of the positive as well.
Your goal is not to adopt a Pollyanna approach, but rather, to seek balance in your perspective. Consider the events in your past that taught you to expect little. While it is a fact that these events occurred, is it possible that your interpretation of their cause is skewed to the negative?
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